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![]() In-text citation schemes such as Chicago’s author-date, MLA and APA styles serve their purpose, but they do not accommodate the references common to history. While the CMOS guide does offer an in-text citation style (called “author-date”), you are likely more familiar with the in-text citation systems of either the Modern Language Association’s MLA style-oriented toward images, books, and literature common to the arts and humanities-or the American Psychological Association’s APA style-which was developed to accommodate references to technical scholarship in the social sciences. The central difference between the Chicago style you will use in history research papers and the other reference systems is that the CMOS guide mandates the use of notes (either footnotes or endnotes) to cite sources rather than permitting parenthetical references to sources within the text itself. By learning the principles of the Chicago style and keeping a copy of Kate Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Research papers, Theses, and Dissertations by your desk, or a link to the Chicago Manual of Style’s quick citation guide (or similar web site) open on your laptop, you should be able to master the basics of this citation system. Historians prefer the Chicago notes style because it is flexible and thus allows for a complex evidence trail, and because its superscript numbers distract readers less than long parenthetical citations inside the text. While the Chicago style note system requires patience to learn and continued access to the CMOS guide itself- even those who’ve been in the field for decades still have to look things up in the latest edition of the guide regularly-it’s worth it for research papers. ![]() ![]() Reliance on the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS, or “Chicago style”) as a guide for citing sources and organizing bibliographies sets those who write history apart from most other disciplines. ![]()
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